Factor versus palindromic complexity of uniformly recurrent infinite words

We study the relation between the palindromic and factor complexity of infinite words. We show that for uniformly recurrent words one has P(n)+P(n+1) \leq \Delta C(n) + 2, for all n \in N. For a large class of words it is a better estimate of the palindromic complexity in terms of the factor complexity then the one presented by Allouche et al. We provide several examples of infinite words for which our estimate reaches its upper bound. In particular, we derive an explicit prescription for the palindromic complexity of infinite words coding r-interval exchange transformations. If the permutation \pi connected with the transformation is given by \pi(k)=r+1-k for all k, then there is exactly one palindrome of every even length, and exactly r palindromes of every odd length.Comment: 16 pages, submitted to Theoretical Computer Scienc

Programové rozpočtovanie ako jedno z prínosov reformy verejných financií

The aim of this text is to advert on implementation’s necessity of performance budgeting in the level of local self-government, to analyse advantages, which it brings along and on the example of the particular village to explain method of compilation of the performance budget and his form. The result of the thesis’s exploration is that implementation of performance budgeting is the sign of modern approach to the using of public resources. We made a conclusion, that the performance budget has higher information’s value and it forms the base for the budgeting of the medium-term expenses

Phenotype and ultrastructure of stem cells derived from amniotic fluid of Nitra rabbit

The isolation of amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) has been already shown in human and several other species including rabbit. However, prior to the preclinical research on various animal models it is desirable to define AF-MSCs by a panel of surface protein markers. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to detect the expression of several protein markers on the surface of AF-MSCs isolated from local breed of Nitra rabbit. Amniotic fluid was collected from humanely sacrificed rabbits (n = 3) and AF-MSCs were cultured to a third passage. Flow cytometry was used to detect surface protein marker expression and for viability testing. Rabbit AF-MSCs (rAF-MSCs) were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy to define the ultrastructure. rAF-MSCs showed both sufficient viability (more than 80%) and low apoptosis rates at third passage and highly expressed CD29 (88.17 ± 7.17%) and CD44 (80.00 ± 2.28%). However, a dim expression of CD90 (17.24 ± 1.31%) and negative expression of CD73 (1.21 ± 0.56% and 4.41 ± 1.46%), CD105 (1.67 ± 0.37%) and CD166 (0.96 ± 2.26%) was observed. Additionally, ultrastructure analysis revealed eccentrically located nucleoli, an abundance of thin pseudopodia on cells’ surfaces and proved the presence of typical mesenchymal stem cell features. In conclusion, this set of data contributes to more detailed information on rAF-MSCs, which were previously proposed feasible for preclinical stem cell research and as a suitable source for the cryopreservation of animal genetic resources in gene bank

Secretome Analysis of Rabbit and Human Mesenchymal Stem and Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A Comparative Study

Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) have been studied several years for their immunomodulatory effect through the paracrine mechanism and cytokine secretion. In combination with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), MSCs have great therapeutical potential for the repair of endothelium and wound healing. However, little is known about the cytokine profile of rabbit AT-MSCs or even EPCs. The aim of this study was to analyze the secretomes of these rabbit stem/progenitor cells. A large-scale human cytokine array (up to 80 cytokines) was used to identify and compare cytokines secreted into conditioned media of human and rabbit AT-MSCs as well as HUVECs and rabbit EPCs. Few cytokines were highly expressed by human AT-MSCs (TIMP-2, TIMP-1), HUVECs (MCP-1, TIMP-2, GRO, Angiogenin, IL-8, TIMP-1), or by rabbit EPCs (TIMP-2). Several cytokines have moderate expression by human (MCP-1, GRO, Angiogenin, TGF-β 2, IL-8, LIF, IL-6, Osteopontin, Osteoprotegerin) and rabbit AT-MSCs (TIMP-2, TGF-β 2, LIF, Osteopontin, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3) or by HUVECs (IL-6, MIF, TGF-β 2, GCP-2, IGFBP-2, Osteoprotegerin, EGF, LIF, PDGF-BB, MCP-3, Osteopontin, Leptin, IL-5, ENA-78, TNF-β) and rabbit EPCs (TGF-β 2, Osteopontin, GRO, LIF, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3). In conclusion, the proposed method seems to be useful for the secretome analysis of rabbit stem/progenitor cells

Phenotypical Characterization and Neurogenic Differentiation of Rabbit Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Although the rabbit is a frequently used biological model, the phenotype of rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rAT-MSCs) is not well characterized. One of the reasons is the absence of specific anti-rabbit antibodies. The study aimed to characterize rAT-MSCs using flow cytometry and PCR methods, especially digital droplet PCR, which confirmed the expression of selected markers at the mRNA level. A combination of these methods validated the expression of MSCs markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105). In addition, cells were also positive for CD49f, vimentin, desmin, α-SMA, ALDH and also for the pluripotent markers: NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2. Moreover, the present study proved the ability of rAT-MSCs to differentiate into a neurogenic lineage based on the confirmed expression of neuronal markers ENO2 and MAP2. Obtained results suggest that rAT-MSCs have, despite the slight differences in marker expression, the similar phenotype as human AT-MSCs and possess the neurodifferentiation ability. Accordingly, rAT-MSCs should be subjected to further studies with potential application in veterinary medicine but also, in case of their cryopreservation, as a source of genetic information of endangered species stored in the gene bank

Enrichment of Rabbit Primitive Hematopoietic Cells via MACS Depletion of CD45+ Bone Marrow Cells

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HPCs) of human or few animal species have been studied for over 30 years. However, there is no information about rabbit HSC/HPCs, although they might be a valuable animal model for studying human hematopoietic disorders or could serve as genetic resource for the preservation of animal biodiversity. CD34 marker is commonly used to isolate HSC/HPCs. Due to unavailability of specific anti-rabbit CD34 antibodies, a novel strategy for the isolation and enrichment of rabbit HSC/HPCs was used in this study. Briefly, rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) were sorted immunomagnetically in order to remove all mature (CD45+) cells. The cells were depleted with overall purity about 60–70% and then cultured in a special medium designed for the expansion of CD34+ cells. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) analysis confirmed the enrichment of primitive hematopoietic cells, as the expression of CD34 and CD49f increased (p < 0.05) and CD45 decreased (p < 0.001) at the end of culture in comparison to fresh BMMCs. However, cell culture still exhibited the presence of CD45+ cells, as identified by flow cytometry. After gating on CD45− cells the MHCI+MHCII−CD38+CD49f+CD90−CD117− phenotype was observed. In conclusion, rabbit HSC/HPCs might be isolated and enriched by the presented method. However, further optimization is still required

The Cryopreserved Sperm Traits of Various Ram Breeds: Towards Biodiversity Conservation

The aim of our research was to compare three Slovak sheep breeds in the quality parameters of cryopreserved sperm. The ejaculates of Slovak Dairy (SD), Native Wallachian (NW), and Improved Wallachian (IW) sheep rams (n = 12) were collected by electro-ejaculation. Heterospermic samples were created from suitable ejaculates, separately for each breed (at least 90% of total and 80% of progressive motility). Samples were equilibrated in a Triladyl® diluent and frozen by automated freezing. Sperm samples were subjected to the motility, morphology, (CASA), viability and apoptosis (DRAQ7/Yo-Pro-1), fertilizing capability (penetration/fertilization test (P/F) in vitro) and acrosomal status (transmission electron microscopy) assays before freezing and after thawing. It was found that there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between the evaluated breeds in motility, viability, apoptosis, morphological properties, and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved sperm. Significant differences occurred in acrosomal status. Our results demonstrate that the use of the selected cryopreservation protocol is suitable for at least three different sheep breeds, which can greatly benefit the biodiversity protection and simplifies the creation of an animal genetic resources gene bank